Having enough vitamin d not only strengthens your bones but also improves muscle health, has anti-tumor (anti-cancer) properties, decreases the risk of hypertension, decreases the risk of autoimmune disorders like type 1 diabetes (children receiving vit. d from age 1 have an 80% lowered chance of getting vitamin d), improves immune sensitivity, improves psoriasis, and affects biological rhythms, mood, and behavior. It greatly helps the immune system as well, which is why many people recommend it to prevent the flu.
source on that is Real Vitamins and Minerals by Shari Lieberman.
As for dosing, ideally you would want to run 25 OH vitamin D test, such as here
http://zrtlab.com/blood-spot-individual-tests/vitamin-d-25-oh-total-blood/flypage.tpl.html (you can order it yourself there), or by asking your doctor. Optimal vitamin D levels according to Dr. Mercola are above 50 (I forget the measurement).
Getting sun exposure (as much as you can without sun screen before burning is ideal) is clearly the best. If you can't get enough sun, 2000 IU of vitamin D3 (vitamin d2 is synthetic garbage, do not take D2) is a safe starting dose for adults without testing. But 4000-5000 or much higher might be necessary to improve your vitamin D levels. High doses can be problematic if you are taking too much calcium as vitamin D can see that that calcium is deposited all over your body, calcifying soft tissues and organs, and this is very dangerous. So stick to 2000 IU or get bloodwork done.